American Plate - Bite #64: Peanut Butter

As with a lot of Bites on the list, peanut butter is one of those foods that can be made in individual batches fairly easily, but required a tech boom to be made on a large scale. Its progression throughout history is unsurprisingly steady. In 1884, Marcellus Gilmore Edson got a patent for peanut paste, and in 1895, John Harvey Kellogg got one for the process for preparing nut butters. And of course, there's the most famous peanut booster of all, George Washington Carver, who encouraged peanut crops and peanut butter consumption as both healthy food, and as a way of making small farmers less reliant on cotton. Growing a "self-sufficiency" crop such as peanuts was an immense boon to African American farmers, and peanuts didn't fall prey to the boll weevil, which was destroying cotton crops.

Peanut butter has also been hailed for being very economical in times of poverty, so it flourished again during the Great Depression. Then it got another bump in the post-World War II era, when it became the sandwich lunch staple we all know today. You'd be hard-pressed to claim peanut butter is healthy these days, but that's mostly due to the sweeteners and extra sodium added to the ones you find on the shelves; natural peanut butter is still readily available, and is not difficult to make from scratch.

I don't bother with that, though. I'm a choosy mom, and I choose Jif. Peanut butter is, unsurprisingly, extremely popular in my household, whether it's for sweet or savory snacks. As seen above, I make buckeyes and cookies out of it, and can always heartily enjoy a traditional American PB&J for lunch as well (try it with currant jelly and thank me later). Reese's Peanut Butter Cups are the dominant candy at Halloween, and if all else fails, there's nothing wrong with just eating spoonfuls of peanut butter right out of the jar. Just writing this entry is making me want some right now.

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American Cake - Cake #12: The Wacky Cake

Time Period: 1946-1962 

This cake is not misnamed; it's one of the strangest preparations I've ever made. Wacky (sometimes called "Whacky") Cake dates back to the 1940s, and its popularity spread for a few vastly different reasons: 

1) It arose during the rise of local cooking schools and home demonstration agents. In the time before televised cooking shows, demonstrations were carried out by attending or hosting a demonstration, and Wacky Cake is a natural fit for these arenas, because...

2) It uses staple ingredients that a home cook is likely to already have on the shelves. No exotic or expensive ingredients had to be purchased for this one, and demo chefs didn't have to worry about too many dishes, either, because... 

3) The ingredients are combined directly in the cake pan they're going to be baked in. No mixers needed! Wacky Cake may also have become quickly popular because... 

4) It's so damn strange and interesting. Not only do you mix everything in the cake pan itself, but there are no eggs, milk, or butter in the cake batter. You make a few wells in the mixed dry ingredients and pour in vinegar, vegetable oil, and vanilla. Then, you pour an unbelievable amount of warm water over everything, making it look like a mess of a soup that you're absolutely sure will never solidify into a cake.

 

But it does! The last cake I baked for this project was a bit dry, which is never appetizing. This one unsurprisingly had no such problem - my biggest worry was that it would be too liquidy, and thankfully, it wasn't. The book pairs this cake recipe with a caramel icing topped with pecans, which was a good idea. 

The hurdle that all new cake recipes must pass is the "Will I Ever Make This Again" test. Wacky Cake, with its relatively simple preparation and sheer weirdness, may not go into a regular rotation, but yeah, I could see easily see myself throwing one together for a potluck or birthday party. You know, if we can ever have those again. Here's hoping society gets a little less wacky soon.

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American Plate - Bite #84: Pizza

As I've no doubt mentioned tons of times, some of the Bites of this project are far easier to obtain than others; I'm still blown away that I was able to get my hands on some beaver tail. There are other entries that will be somewhat challenging to source, but on the flip side, some of the entries are so easy that they can basically be put off until whenever it's most convenient. Say, a global pandemic? Even trapped in our homes, it's no trouble at all to enjoy a Bite that is so common to Americans, it can be found in every settlement in the country. Styles and toppings may differ, but just about everyone loves pizza.

You'd be hard pressed to name a more representative food for America, even if its origin lies in Naples, Italy. So how did it travel from being served to visiting royalty in 1889 to being served on every street corner in the USA? Well, the first pizza parlor was founded in New York City in 1905, but it took until the end of World War II to become a national phenomenon. Soldiers returning from the Italian battlefields told tales of the delicious concoction, and once it caught on with teenagers, it was the hip new snack that every cool kid wanted to eat. It didn't take long to become a commodity for franchise owners, and the marriage of pizza and fast food gave it another popularity explosion.



Different regions celebrate it in different ways, of course, from the deep dish Chicago style to the cracker-thin St. Louis style. I tend to prefer the good ol' fashioned New York style, and when it comes to toppings, I may be one of the few remaining people who love a pizza piled high with delicious, salty anchovy.

Whether it's the cornmeal crust of Pi, the cheesy goodness of La Pizza, or the experimental toppings of Dewey's, there's no shortage of terrific local options. But no matter where in America you call home, there's no doubt a slice of heaven waiting nearby.

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American Cake - Cake #11: 1-2-3-4 Cake

Time Period: 1870-1899

When you think of the platonic ideal of "American cake", the 1-2-3-4 cake is likely what pops into your head: Yellow/vanilla sponge with a chocolate icing. The use of vanilla extract in cakes dates to about the Civil War (no correlation that I know of, but wouldn't that be wild?) and recipes for this type of cake started popping up shortly thereafter. Versions of it have been traced to an 1870 Michigan newspaper, a couple of regional cookbooks, and finally, The Joy of Cooking in 1931.

It's called 1-2-3-4 Cake because of the proportions of its ingredients. 1 cup of butter. 2 cups of sugar. 3 cups of flour. 4 eggs. Recipes vary on what else gets added, but this one makes sure to include a little liquid (milk) and some leavening (baking powder). There were also a couple of other interesting details. I generally use all-purpose flour for my baking, but this recipe insisted on cake flour. I didn't think there'd be much of a difference, but was amazed to see how much more quickly cake flour combined into the batter. This is also one of the rare times I made a frosting on the stovetop instead of in the stand mixer.

The circumstances this cake was baked in are (hopefully) once in a lifetime as well. It was meant to be a birthday cake for Tiddy in March, but that became impossible. For one, it was made in the midst of organizing the stuff we just moved into the new house; you can see the boxes in the background of the picture. I had to hunt through piles of dishes to track down all the pans and racks that I'd need. And then there came a little thing called global pandemic, which has affected every aspect of life, as you can imagine. Finally, though, we were able to amass all of the necessary ingredients and equipment, and I was able to give Tiddy a belated dessert.

So, how was it? Frankly, a bit dry. I think sponge should be moist enough on its own, and not need an assist from the frosting. I don't know that this recipe will be going into the cake rotation, but overall, though, it's not too bad. It's certainly better than the other desserts available in the culinary world right now.

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American Cake - Cake #10: Chez Panisse Almond Torte

Time Period: 1963-1979

Whatever your opinion on what Alice Waters' ethos has brought to the world of food, there's no denying that she's an influential force in the recipes that flowed out of California in this time period. Her pastry chef, Lindsey Shere, was a rancher with an Italian heritage who baked the restaurant's desserts in a back cottage. I'm not sure how symbolic of America as a whole this adapted recipe of Shere's is, but I'm always happy to see an almond cake come my way. The recipe calls for almond paste, which I generally taste in those (non-fortune) cookies served at Chinese restaurants. None of the stores around me carried it, but it was easy enough to order.

Though I love my stand mixer, I'm secretly delighted every time I see a recipe that calls for the mixture to be made in a food processor, because I know I'm about to save all sorts of time and dish washing. I was able to throw the batter together one morning, and by the time some friends stopped by to play board games, it was baked and cooling. When I served it at dinner that night, it had a wonderful moistness in the center while still keeping that tasty crust on the outside. I can see why this torte was a hit back in the day, and it'll be joining modernity as well, because this one is definitely going into the recipe rotation.

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American Cake - Cake #9: Scripture Cake

Time Period: 1870-1899

Also known as "Bible Cake", this spiced fruitcake was popular in the late 1800s as a clever little way of teaching religion; bakers would look up certain Bible verses in order to identify the ingredients. For example:

"and they gave him a piece of a cake of figs and two clusters of raisins. And when he had eaten, his spirit revived, for he had not eaten bread or drunk water for three days and three nights." (1 Samuel 30:12)

"On the next day Moses went into the tent of the testimony, and behold, the staff of Aaron for the house of Levi had sprouted and put forth buds and produced blossoms, and it bore ripe almonds." (Numbers 17:8)

And indeed, this cake incorporates raisins, figs, and almonds. It was popular in community festivals and raffles, and wasn't tied down to any particular denomination of Christianity. Everyone could enjoy it.

Unfortunately, much like the Bible itself, the outside can be very beautiful, but what's in the middle can be ruinous. There are plenty of cakes in this book that have completely rehabilitated my view of what fruitcake can be, and this one looked and smelled wonderful as I was putting it together. Something was off about either my preparation or the recipe, however, and the end result was a liquidy, raw mess that I had to chuck in the trash. It was a terrible disappointment, and while some of the recipes in this book have already become standards of my baking arsenal, I'm never going to attempt this one again.

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American Cake - Cake #8: Granny Kellett's Jam Cake

Time Period: 1800-1869

Is the story of Granny Kellett, her jam cake recipe, and her Civil War beau particularly indicative of American baking culture? Maybe in a folklore kind of way, sure. I'll spare you the particulars of the Kellett family, but this cake has all the hallmarks of old-fashioned Southern matriarchs: You can practically picture kids picking the wild blackberries from fields behind the house, and a steaming kitchen with jars full of jam. If there's any cake that would fit right in at a candlelit holiday dinner, this would be the one.

This is a Kentucky cake through and through. From the blackberry jam to the chopped nuts, the pungent spices to the drizzle of caramel, this cake was made for a bluegrass summer. Though putting jam into spice cakes is not an American invention, Kentucky has taken to it more than any other place, with one particular business (the Heitzman Bakery in Louisville) shipping them out since 1891.

Curiously, though there is a full jar of jam in this recipe, we couldn't really taste it. The spices (cinnamon, nutmeg, allspce, and ginger) are the dominant flavor, with the caramel icing adding a sharp blast of sweetness. Perhaps the jam is more of a moistening agent than a flavor delivery system. It was a very tasty cake, but it's a shame not to highlight the fruit, so if I ever make this one again, I'll probably replace or spike the caramel with some added blackberries.

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